The most typical laser-active exceptional earth ions and host media along with some typical emission wavelengths are revealed in the subsequent table:激光晶体的极化性能可能会影响输出激光束的质量和特性。有些激光晶体产生线性偏振光，这对某些应用可能有益。为了使激光器有效运作，需要有效
Each time a beam is refracted on the surface area of the birefringent crystal, the refraction angle depends on the polarization route. An unpolarized mild beam can then be break up into two linearly polarized beams when hitting surfaces of the fabric with non-typical incidence (double refraction).All nonlinear crystals for nonlinear frequency conve